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Yowani (probably from the word for caterpillar) ('Yguanes/Yugani/Iguanes-Spanish') is a branch of the Choctaw tribe ".〔''The Louisiana Historical Quarterly'', Vol. 18, No. 4. October, 1935〕 The Yowani were named for their village, the reason for the founding of a trading post and what became the European-American town of Shubuta, Mississippi nearby.〔Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'' (2 vols., Washington: GPO, 1907, 1910, rpt., New York: Pageant, 1959)〕 The Yowani continued to expand their holdings, eventually venturing into Louisiana, where they established close ties with the Caddo and adopted many of the Caddo customs.〔William B. Glover, "A History of the Caddo Indians", ''The Louisiana Historical Quarterly'', Vol. 18, No. 4. October, 1935〕 When Louisiana became part of the United States under the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, many of the Indian tribes in the territory wanted to emigrate to less hostile environs. Spain agreed to allow the Yowanis and the Alabama-Coushatta to move to Spanish Texas. In 1824, a second group of Yowani received permission from Mexico to establish villages in Texas.〔Correspondence Between General Manuel Mier y Terán and Texas 1828-1832〕 The Yowani gradually abandoned their original Mississippi homelands, and by 1850 most Yowani lived in Texas, Indian Territory, or in Rapides Parish, Louisiana.〔Texas Indian Papers 1837, census of tribes in the Republic, attitudes of the Yowani Choctaws and allied Chickasaws of Attoyac Bayou, Nacogdoches District〕 During the Texas Revolution in 1836, the Yowani were a party to a peace treaty with the provisional government of Texas.〔Treaty of Bowles Village, Cherokees and Twelve Assiciated Tribes and the Republic of Texas February 23, 1836〕 Following Texas's independence and the creation of the Republic of Texas, relations between Indian tribes and English-speaking settlers deteriorated. Under President Mirabeau B. Lamar, the Texas Army drove most of the Cherokee Indians out of Texas.〔("Expulsion of the Cherokees" ), Texas State Library and Archives Commission〕 After a confrontation between a group of Indians and a few of the residents of Nacogdoches, which resulted in the deaths of at least three white men, a vigilante group set out after the offending Indians. Unable to catch the perpetrators, the mob sought revenge by attacking the peaceful and unsuspecting Choctaw village, where they murdered eleven.〔(The Handbook of Texas Online: Indians; Republics of Mexico and Texas, George Klos )〕 The survivors split up, with most leaving Texas, at least temporarily. They believed Texas was a dangerous place for any Indian in 1840.〔("Indian Relations in Texas" ), Texas State Library and Archives Commission〕 Between 1840 and 1843, elements of the Mexican Militia, led by Vicente Cordova, fought a guerrilla war 〔("Vicente Cordova", by Robert Bruce Blake ), Handbook of Texas Online,〕 utilizing remnant groups of displaced tribes, primarily Cherokee but including some Yowani Choctaw. The conflict culminated in the Battle of San Antonio in September 1842.〔(Handbook of Texas Online, Adrian Woll )〕 There, both Indian and Mexican regulars were involved in the Dawson Massacre〔(Handbook of Texas Online, Dawson Massacre, by Thomas W. Cutrer )〕 and the Battle of Salado Creek.〔(Handbook of Texas Online, Salado Creek, Battle of, by Thomas W. Cutrer )〕 This was soon followed by the departure of Mexican troops from Texas soil. For the remnant tribes, peace would come the following year with Sam Houston as Texas President. The Treaty of Birds Fort〔Treaty of Birds Fort, September 29, 1843, Texas State Library and Archives, Austin, Texas〕 brought an end to hostilities, especially for the Cherokee under Chief Chicken Trotter. Although only a few Choctaw were involved with the Cordova/Chicken Trotter group, the peace would have long-lasting effects on the Yowanis. Following the end of the Texas-Indian Wars, some of the Yowani returned to East Texas, where they settled with members of Chicken Trotter Cherokee and a few tribes to form the Mount Tabor Indian Community.〔1850 United States Census, Canton Beat EU〕 Most of the male members of the community served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. In the early 20th century, several members of the Yowani Choctaw, led by William Clyde Thompson of Texas,〔Kent Carter, ''The Dawes Commission and the Allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1893-1914'', Ancestry Publishing 1999, ISBN 0-916489-85-X, 13:978-0916489854〕 relocated to the Chickasaw Nation to be included in the Dawes Commission Final Rolls as citizens by blood of the Choctaw Nation.〔William C. Thompson, et al. vs. Choctaw Nation, MCR File 341, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Muskogee, Oklahoma〕 A long political struggle ensued between 1898 and 1909. In 1905 all the Yowani were stricken from the Final Rolls of the Choctaw Nation.〔Letter of April 4, 1905 from Thomas Ryan, First Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs to Commissioner to the Five Civilized Tribes, Muskogee, Indian Territory, re: Willian C. Thompson et al. MCR 341, MCR 7124, MCR 581 and MCR 458.〕 Thompson appealed the matter to the United States Supreme Court.〔Dr. Douglas Hale,''William C. Thompson and the Choctaw-Chickasaw Paper Chase'', Norman, OK: Oklahoma State University〕 After a favorable response〔United States Department of the Interior, Secretary of the Interior-Choctaw Citizenship Cases, #4 William C. Thompson et al., pgs 151-157〕 the families were included on a 1909 Choctaw reinstatement list giving them citizenship in the Choctaw Nation.〔Choctaw Re-instatement list, correspondence from the Department of the Interior to the Commissioner of the Five Civilized Tribes, February 20, 1909〕 ==Origins== The Yowani Choctaws gained their name from the town in which they lived. The Choctaw people had established a town named Yowani, near what is now the town of Shubuta, Mississippi along the Chickasawhay River.〔Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico By Frederick Webb Hodge, Smithsonian Institution American Ethnology, Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1907, pgs 1001-1002, ISBN 0-313-21281-3; 13:978-0313212819〕 Over time, this group expanded its holdings westward to the eastern dividing ridge of Bogue Homa, then northward as far as present day Pachuta Creek. From this position the territory ran south to the confluence of the Chickasawhay and Buckatunna Rivers.〔 To the east, its lands ran into whate are now Greene and Choctaw Counties in Alabama, bordering on the Muscogee-Creek Nation. By 1764, a group of Yowani had moved to Louisiana and established contact with the Caddo. Over time, the Yowani adopted Caddo customs. The groups became very interlinked, and anthropologist James Mooney later listed the Yowani as one of the thirteen divisions of the Caddo Confederacy.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yowani Choctaws」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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